Nutzerzentrierte Interaction Design Patterns für International Data Space Ökosysteme

Die Bedeutung der Datenmonetarisierung durch Datenhandel wird immer wichtiger. Der International-Data-Space ist ein digitales Geschäftsökosystem mit einem neuartigen Konzept für die Wirtschaft, um einen globalen virtuellen Marktplatz auf der Grundlage eines Referenzarchitekturmodells bereitzustellen. Bei neuen Technologien, wie dem International-Data-Space, steht meist die technische Umsetzung im Vordergrund, die Beachtung der Anwenderseite ist teilweise unzulänglich, was zu einer mangelnden Akzeptanz gegenüber den Anwender/-innen führen kann. In dieser Dissertationsschrift werden nutzerzentrierte Interaction Design Patterns für den International-Data-Space entwickelt, welche neuartige Benutzeroberflächen enthalten und eine mensch-zentrierte Entwicklung fördern sollen. Patterns unterstützen den Entwicklungsprozess, indem sie bewährte Lösungen aufzeigen, die Analyse, die Evaluation sowie die Entscheidungsfindung unterstützen und zudem die Kommunikation Beteiligter effektiv unterstützen können. Um validierte Patterns entwickeln zu können, wird ein bestehendes nutzerzentriertes Vorgehensmodell modifiziert. Das Vorgehensmodell beinhaltet die Phasen: Analyse, Konzept und Entwicklung, in welchem ein Methodenset Anwendung findet, dass die systematische Einbindung potentieller Anwender/-innen und Entwickler/-innen sicherstellt. Die Herausforderung besteht zudem darin, dass für diese neuartige Technologie weder Aufgaben noch Anwender/-innen unzureichend bekannt sind und darüber hinaus die Aktivitäten vertrauliche und risikoreiche Kernprozesse der Unternehmen betreffen. Für die Analyse wird auf die Methode der HTA und der Personas zurückgegriffen, das Konzept und die Entwicklung ist durch iterativ evaluierte Prototypen bestimmt, die abschließend in einer realen Entwicklung getestet werden. Das Ergebnis der Forschungsarbeit sind 32 Patterns, die die Benutzeroberflächen für die Kernaktivitäten im Kontext digitaler Ökosysteme, insbesondere für International-Data-Space Ökosysteme, abdecken.The value of data monetisation through data trading is becoming increasingly important. The International-Data-Space is a digital business ecosystem with a novel concept for business to provide a global virtual marketplace based on a reference architecture model. With new technologies, such as the International-Data-Space, the focus is usually on the technical implementation, and attention to the user side is sometimes inadequate, which can lead to a lack of acceptance towards users. In this thesis, user-centred interaction design patterns for the International-Data-Space are developed, which contain novel user interfaces and are intended to promote user-centred development. Patterns support the development process by containing proven solutions, supporting analysis, evaluation and decision making. With the core research question: How to develop user-centred user interfaces for International-Data-Space business ecosystems? A foundation for this PhD thesis is established through the basics of reference architecture models, digital business ecosystems and the research area of human-computer interaction. A modified process model of systems engineering according to Sarodnick and Brau (2011) forms the further thematic scope in which a set of methods is applied. In this, user requirements are empirically collected, analysed by means of qualitative content analysis according to Mayring (2015) and mapped in personas according to Cooper (2015). Through hierarchical task analysis, the work processes are analysed according to Benyon (2013) and transformed into scenarios and use cases together with the personas. In addition, the special requirements of the developers are analysed against the patterns. On this basis, user interface solutions are systematically developed in wireframes, which are evaluated analytically by experts in a first iteration according to the criterion of utility. The wireframes optimised on this basis are further developed into prototypes and evaluated empirically in a second iteration with potential users and developers under the criterion of utility. The results are documented in 32 patterns, which support comprehensive recommendations for the user-centred development of user interfaces for digital business ecosystems, especially for International-Data-Space based ecosystems. In a final iteration, the patterns will be empirically evaluated under real development conditions and finally provided to a developer community. The pattern collection can be used for concrete development projects, as a template for the further development of user interfaces or as a first communication basis for development participants in the scope of digital business ecosystems

Multiple Peptide Resistance Factor (MprF)-mediated Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against Antimicrobial Peptides Coincides with a Modulated Peptide Interaction with Artificial Membranes Comprising Lysyl-Phosphatidylglycerol*

Modification of the membrane lipid phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of Staphylococcus aureus by enzymatic transfer of a l-lysine residue leading to lysyl-PG converts the net charge of PG from −1 to +1 and is thought to confer resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Lysyl-PG synthesis and translocation to the outer leaflet of the bacterial membrane are achieved by the membrane protein MprF. Consequently, mutants lacking a functional mprF gene are in particular vulnerable to the action of AMPs. Hence, we aim at elucidating whether and to which extent lysyl-PG modulates membrane binding, insertion, and permeabilization by various AMPs. Lysyl-PG was incorporated into artificial lipid bilayers, mimicking the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus. Moreover, we determined the activity of the peptides against a clinical isolate of S. aureus strain SA113 and two mutants lacking a functional mprF gene and visualized peptide-induced ultrastructural changes of bacteria by transmission electron microscopy. The studied peptides were: (i) NK-2, an α-helical fragment of mammalian NK-lysin, (ii) arenicin-1, a lugworm β-sheet peptide, and (iii) bee venom melittin. Biophysical data obtained by FRET spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrical measurements with planar lipid bilayers were correlated with the biological activities of the peptides. They strongly support the hypothesis that peptide-membrane interactions are a prerequisite for eradication of S. aureus. However, degree and mode of modulation of membrane properties such as fluidity, capacitance, and conductivity were unique for each of the peptides. Altogether, our data support and underline the significance of lysyl-PG for S. aureus resistance to AMPs